| UNIT OF MEASURE - CONVERSION FACTOR |
| Percent |
Parts per Million |
Parts per Billion |
Parts per Trillion |
| .001% = |
10 ppm = |
— |
— |
| .0001% = |
1 ppm = |
1,000 ppb = |
1,000,000 ppt |
| .00001% = |
.1 ppm = |
100 ppb = |
100,000 ppt |
| .000001% = |
.01 ppm = |
10 ppb = |
10,000 ppt |
| — |
.001 ppm = |
1 ppb = |
1,000 ppt |
| — |
.0001 ppm = |
1 ppb = |
100 ppt |
| — |
— |
.01 ppb = |
10 ppt |
| — |
— |
.001 ppb = |
1 ppt |
FRACTIONS |
| Prefix |
Factor |
Fraction |
| centi |
10–2 |
1/100 (part per hundred) |
| milli |
10–3 |
1/1,000 (part per thousand) |
| micro |
10–6 |
1/1,000,000 (ppm, part per million) |
| nano |
10–9 |
1/1,000,000,000 (ppb, part per billion) |
| pico |
10–12 |
1/1,000,000,000,000 (ppt, part per trillion) |
| femto |
10–15 |
1/1,000,000,000,000,000 (ppq, part per quadrillion) |
| atto |
10–18 |
1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (part per quintillion) |
PARTICLE SIZE
Large sieve opening (1 to 1/4 inch) have been designated a sieve "mesh" size that corresponds to the size of the opening in inches.
Sieve "mesh" sizes of 31/2 and higher are designated by the number of openings per linear inch in the sieve.
Special conventions apply to particle sizing by mesh designation. A "+" before the sieve mesh indicates that all particles are too large to pass through the sieve; a "–" denotes complete passage of material through the sieve. For example, the particle size of a material may be described as –4 +40 mesh, meaning the material goes through a 4-mesh sieve (particles are smaller than 4.76 mm) but remain on the 40-mesh sieve (particles are larger than 0.420 mm).
Note: To convert millimeters to microns, move decimal point three places to the right. Example: 0.125 millimeters converts to 125 microns.
| TEMPERATURE CONVERSION FORMULA |
| °C to °F |
°F to °C |
| (°C x 9/5) + 32 = °F |
(°F–32) x 5/9 = °C |
| WEIGHT CONVERSION TABLE |
| From / To |
g |
kg |
M.Ton |
grain |
oz |
lb |
| g |
1 |
0.001 |
1 x 10–6 |
15.43 |
0.03527 |
0.00220 |
| kg |
1000 |
1 |
0.001 |
1.54 x 104 |
35.27 |
2.205 |
| Metric Ton |
1 x 106 |
1000 |
1 |
1.54 x 107 |
3.53 x 104 |
2205 |
| grain |
6.48 x 10–2 |
6.48 x 10–5 |
6.48 x 10–5 |
1 |
2.29 x 10–3 |
1.43 x 10–4 |
| oz |
28.35 |
0.02835 |
2.83 x 10–5 |
437.5 |
1 |
0.06250 |
| lb |
453.6 |
0.4536 |
4.54 x 104 |
7000 |
16 |
1 |
| To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit. |
| VOLUME CONVERSION TABLE (metric and U.S. Iiquid measures) |
From
/To |
cm>3 |
liter |
m3 |
in3 |
ft3 |
yd3 |
fl oz |
fl pt |
fl qt |
gal |
| cm3 |
1 |
0.001 |
1x10–6 |
0.06102 |
3.53x10
–5 |
1.31x10
–6 |
0.03381 |
0.00211 |
0.00106 |
2.64x10
–4 |
| liter |
1000 |
1 |
0.001 |
61.02 |
0.03532 |
0.00131 |
33.81 |
2.113 |
1.057 |
0.2642 |
| m3 |
1 x 106 |
1000 |
1 |
6.10x104 |
35.31 |
1.308 |
3.38x104 |
2113 |
1057 |
264.2 |
| in3 |
16.39 |
0.01639 |
1.64x10
–5 |
1 |
5.79x10
–4 |
2.14x10
–5 |
0.5541 |
0.03463 |
0.01732 |
0.00433 |
| ft3 |
2.83x104 |
28.32 |
0.02832 |
1728 |
1 |
0.03704 |
957.5 |
69.84 |
29.92 |
7.481 |
| yd3 |
7.65x105 |
764.5 |
0.7646 |
4.67x104 |
27 |
1 |
2.59x104 |
1616 |
807.9 |
202.0 |
| fl oz |
29.57 |
0.02957 |
2.96x10
–5 |
1.805 |
0.00104 |
3.87x10
–5 |
1 |
0.06250 |
0.03125 |
0.00781 |
| fl pt |
473.2 |
0.4732 |
473x10
–4 |
28.88 |
0.01671 |
619x10
–4 |
16 |
1 |
0.6000 |
0.1250 |
| fl qt |
946.4 |
0.9463 |
9.46x10
–4 |
57.75 |
0.03342 |
0.00124 |
32 |
2 |
1 |
0.2500 |
| gal |
3785 |
3.786 |
0.00379 |
231.0 |
0.1337 |
0.00495 |
128 |
8 |
4 |
1 |
| To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit. |
| LENGTH CONVERSION TABLE |
| From/To |
cm |
m |
km |
in |
ft |
mile |
| cm |
1 |
100 |
1 x 10–5 |
0.3937 |
0.03281 |
6.214 x 10–6 |
| m |
100 |
1 |
0.001 |
39.37 |
3.281 |
6.214 x 10–4 |
| km |
1 x 105 |
1000 |
1 |
3.94 x 104 |
3281 |
0.6214 |
| in |
2.540 |
0.02540 |
2.540 x 10–5 |
1 |
0.08333 |
1.578 x10–5 |
| ft |
30.48 |
0.3048 |
3.048 x 10–4 |
12 |
1 |
18.94 x 10–4 |
| mile |
1.609 x 105 |
1609 |
1.609 |
6.336 x 104 |
5280 |
1 |
| To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit. |
| FLOW RATE CONVERSION TABLE |
| From/To |
lit/sec |
gal/min |
ft3/sec |
ft3/min |
bbl/hr |
bbl/day |
| lit/sec |
1 |
15.85 |
2.228 x 10–3 |
2.119 |
22.66 |
543.8 |
| gal/min |
6.308 x 10–2 |
1 |
3.532 x 10–2 |
0.1337 |
1.429 |
34.30 |
| ft3/sec |
28.32 |
448.8 |
1 |
60 |
641.1 |
1.54 x 104 |
| ft3/min |
0.4719 |
7.481 |
1.667 x 10–2 |
1 |
10.69 |
256.5 |
| bbl/hr |
4.415 x 10–2 |
0.6997 |
1.56 x 10–3 |
9.359 x 10–2 |
1 |
24 |
| bbl/day |
1.84 x 10–3 |
2.917 x 10–2 |
6.50 x 10–5 |
3.90 x 10–3 |
4.167 x 10–2 |
1 |
| To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit. |
| COMMON MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CONVERSION FACTORS |
| Factor |
Value |
| Molecular weight (ave.) of DNA base pair |
649 Da |
| Molecular weight (ave.) of amino acid |
110 Da |
| 1 g/ml DNA |
3.08 µM phosphate |
| 1 g/ml of 1 kb DNA |
3.08 nM 5’ ends |
| 1 mol pBR322 (4363 bp) |
2.83 g |
| 1 pmol linear pBR322 5’ ends |
1.4 g |
| 1 A260 double-stranded DNA |
50 µg/ml |
| 1 A260 single-stranded DNA |
37 µg/ml |
1 kb DNA: 333 amino acids of coding capacity = 36,000 Da
6.5 x 105 Da of double-stranded DNA (sodium salt)
3.3 x 105 Da of single-stranded DNA (sodium salt)
3.4 x 105 Da of single-stranded RNA (sodium salt) |
| 10 kDa protein = 91 amino acids = 273 nucleotides |
| ACID BASE CONCENTRATIONS |
| Composition of concentrated reagent-grade acids, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium and potassium hydroxide solutions (with dilution directions to 1M and 1N solutions) |
| Chemical |
Formula Weight of Reagenta |
Approximate Density |
Approximate Strength of Concd. Reagentb |
Assay Limits % w/w |
Molarity of Concd. Reagent |
Milliliters of Concd. Reagent Necessary to Prepare 1 Liter of 1 Molar Solutionc |
Normality of Concd. Reagent |
Milliliters of Concd. Reagent Necessary to Prepare 1 Liter of 1 Normal Solutionc |
| Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) |
60.052 |
1.05 |
99.8 |
99.7–99.9 |
17.4 |
57.5 |
17.4 |
57.5 |
| Formic Acid (HCOOH) |
46.026 |
1.13 |
90 |
88.0–92.0 |
23.6 |
42.5 |
23.6 |
42.5 |
| Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) |
36.461 |
1.18 |
37.2 |
36.5–38.0 |
12.1 |
82.5 |
12.1 |
82.5 |
| Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) |
20.006 |
1.19 |
49 |
48.0–51.0 |
28.9 |
34.5 |
28.9 |
34.5 |
| Nitric Acid (HNO3) |
63.013 |
1.41 |
69.6 |
69.0–70.0 |
15.6 |
64 |
15.6 |
63 |
| Perchloric Acid (HCIO4) |
100.458 |
1.67 |
70.5 |
70.0–72.0 |
11.7 |
85.5 |
11.7 |
85.5 |
| Perchloric Acid (HCIO4) |
100.458 |
1.67 |
61.3 |
60.0–62.0 |
9.5 |
105.5 |
9.5 |
105.5 |
| Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) |
97.995 |
1.71 |
85.5 |
85.0–87.0 |
14.8 |
67.5 |
44.4 |
22.5 |
| Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) |
98.073 |
1.84 |
96 |
95.0–98.0 |
18 |
55.5 |
36 |
28 |
| Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) |
35.046 |
0.90 |
56.6d |
— |
14.5 |
69 |
14.5 |
69 |
| Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) |
39.997 |
1.53 |
50.5 |
50.0–52.0 |
19.4 |
51.5 |
19.4 |
51.5 |
| Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) |
56.105 |
1.45 |
45 |
45.0–46.0 |
11.7 |
85.5 |
11.7 |
85.5 |
a. Based on Atomic Weight Table (32C = 12).
b. Representative value, w/w %.
c. Rounded to nearest 0.5 ml.
d. Equivalent to 28.0 % w/w NH3. |
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